France - Jura

The Jura vineyard is one of the smallest in France (2,000 hectares), but in terms of natural wine, it is one of the most important. Its tradition of oxidative winemaking with the Savagnin grape (vin jaune) requires work without chemical inputs or additives, which has predisposed Jura to organic and natural viticulture practiced in small artisanal estates. They are original, flavorful, and bear the mark of their terroir. Some are, by their history, naturally natural.
Despite its small size, the viticultural Jura is very diverse, with four AOCs (Arbois and Arbois-Pupillin, Côtes-du-Jura, L'Étoile, Château-Chalon) and three AOC products (Macvin du Jura, Crémant du Jura and Marc du Jura).
Jura is best known for its yellow wines, resulting from controlled oxidation based mainly on Savagnin. The most famous is Château-Chalon. Sweet wines or liqueur wines are also produced there, such as Vin de Paille du Jura (obtained by passerillage, from grapes dried on straw) and Macvin du Jura (a fortified wine, a blend of grape must and Jura marc brandy). Dry and still white or red wines can also be found in Côtes-du-Jura, and sparkling white or rosé wines (Crémant du Jura appellation). A white wine resulting from a blend of Chardonnay and Savagnin is often called "Tradition".

Dominated by the vineyards of Arbois and Pupillin to the north, and extending to Beaufort and Saint-Amour in Franche-Comté, the viticultural Jura covers the Revermont region, which extends into the Ain and Saône-et-Loire departments. This proximity to Southern Burgundy explains the presence of Chardonnay in white wines, but Savagnin is the most emblematic of Jura's white grape varieties. Its flagship product, vin jaune, comes in a squat bottle, called a "clavelin", containing 62 cl, which is the amount left from a liter by the angels' share. Yellow wines offer aromas of walnut, mushroom and beeswax. Very adaptable, they pair with a wide variety of dishes, particularly mushrooms, cheeses and foie gras.
The reds are based on Poulsard, Trousseau or Pinot Noir. Poulsard is a delicate grape that produces fine, lightly colored, aromatic wines, sometimes "onion skin" or a sustained coral pink. They are delicious and easy to drink, true aperitif and gastronomic wines. Trousseau produces more colorful, fuller-bodied and more persistent wines.

What are the great typical grape varieties of Jura in France?
The typical grape varieties of Jura are, for white wines, Savagnin and Chardonnay. White wine production is dominant in Jura. Chardonnay is most often vinified as a dry white wine, while Savagnin is emblematic of Jura. Chardonnay, originally from Burgundy, is more abundant (50% of Jura's grape varieties), but Savagnin is the most typical. It is used to obtain the long-aged oxidative wines called "vins jaunes", which alone represent their region. It sometimes happens that Savagnin and Chardonnay are blended in the form of dry white wines ("Jura Tradition" wines).
Red wines in Jura are made from three grape varieties: Poulsard, Trousseau and Pinot Noir. Poulsard (called "Ploussard" in Pupillin) and Trousseau are native and emblematic of Jura. Poulsard gives fine and aromatic wines, clear and lightly colored, very easy to drink. They are sometimes confused with dark rosés. Trousseau, on the contrary, is a prolific grape variety that gives fruity and full-bodied wines, very long on the palate. Often used as a complementary grape variety, Pinot Noir recalls nearby Burgundy.
What is a sweet white wine from Jura?
A sweet wine is a wine that retains a high proportion of residual sugar naturally derived from the grapes. The amount of sugar in wines classifies them as follows: a dry wine contains less than 12 grams of residual sugar per liter; a semi-sweet wine contains between 12 and 45 grams, and we begin to speak of a sweet wine from 45 grams. These are mostly white wines.

The vinification of sweet or semi-sweet wines dates back to antiquity; the sweet wines of Samos and Cyprus are a remnant of this. It is currently practiced all over the world. In France, it exists in Jura, Alsace, Bordeaux (Sauternes, Barsac, Loupiac, Sainte-Croix-du-Mont, Côtes-de-Cadillac), the South-West (Jurançon, Pacherenc-de-Vic-Bilh, Gaillac), Périgord (Monbazillac), Anjou and Touraine. Elsewhere, it is practiced in Hungary (Tokaji), Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Italy, Romania, Greece and Canada.

Several methods are at the base of sweet wine, most often resulting from late harvests. Depending on the location, these methods can be combined or exclusive. Passerillage is the use of dried grapes (on the vine, on rocks, racks or straw beds) before pressing. Noble rot (Botrytis cinerea) is a fungus that forms on ripe grapes at the end of the season, in the presence of certain weather conditions. This fungus dries out the grape berries and concentrates their sugar content. In this case, prolonged harvesting (successive picks) must be carried out by passing through the vineyards several times. Ice wine, notably produced in Canada, is obtained by concentrating the juice through freezing. In all cases, the sorting of grapes is essential, indicated on the label by the mention "sélection de grains nobles". Mistelles (fortified wines and vins doux naturels) such as port, based on alcohol and grape must, are not cataloged as sweet wines.

Sweet wines are reputed to be "sweet", but in reality their aromatic concentration, with powerful notes of citrus and yellow fruits, and their high acidity, relegate the sweet sensation to the background. Sugar is not the main characteristic of a good sweet wine.

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